Ibimenyetso by’ingaruka z ‘imihindagurikire y’ibihe biri kwigaragaza, 
Uduce tumwe tw’u Rwanda dukomeje kwibasirwa n’ibiza bikomeye muri ibi bihe by’imvura. Muri aya mezi, inkangu, imyuzure n’imiyaga ikomeye byibasiye cyane uturere twa Burera, Gatsibo, Karongi, Rulindo, Nyabihu ,Rubavu n’intara y’amajyepfo mu karere ka Ruhango.
Imibare itangazwa na Ministeri y’Imicungire y’Ibiza n’Impunzi igaragaza ko kuva muri Nzeri uyu mwaka kugeza ku itariki 4 Ugushyingo, imvura nyinshi, inkangu n’umuyaga byahitanye abantu 13, bikomeretsa 16, byangiza ibyumba by’amashuri 12, bisenya amazu 460 ndetse binangiza ibihingwa n’ibimera ku butaka bwa ha 2109.
By’umwihariko ariko, akarere ka Nyabihu mu ntara y’uburengerazuba niko kibasiwe cyane n’inkangu n’imyuzure ziterwa n’imvura nyinshi.
Imibare itangazwa na minisiteri y’imicungire y’ibiza igaragaza ko guhera mu mwaka wa 2006, ibiza bimaze guhitana abantu 42, biganjemo abana, ndetse bikaba byaranasenye amazu 518. Uretse abantu n’amazu, ibi biza binangiza imyaka, imirima, ibikorwa remezo ndetse n’indi mitungo y’abaturage. Uyu mwaka wa 2011 niwo wabayemo ibyangiritse byinshi n’ababuze ubuzima benshi muri aka karere.
Imitere y’aka karere ka Nyabihu, ahanini kabonekamo imisozi ihanamye cyane, niyo ishyirwa mu majwi kuba nyirabayazana w’ibi biza.
Ariko, impamvu nyamukuru ituruka mu mateka y’igihugu n’ay’isi muri rusange aho imihindagurikire y’ibihe ikomeje kugira ingaruka mbi nyinshi ku bayituye. Izi ngaruka zijyana no kugwa kw’imvura nyinshi cyangwa gucana kw’izuba mu buryo budasanzwe.
Mu Rwanda, imibare itangazwa n’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’iteganyagihe igaragaza ko mu myaka 40 ishize, ubushyuhe bwiyongereyeho degere 0.8 (0.8 degre Celcious) muri rusange naho kuva mu mwaka w’ 2000 bwiyongereyeho degere 0.6 (0.6 degre Celcious).
Impuguke zemeza ko iki ari kimwe mu bimenyetso bigaragara ko u Rwanda nk’igihugu narwo rwatangiye kugerwaho n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
None se, aho ibiza bikomeje kwibasira ibice bimwe by’igihugu –cyane akarere ka Nyabihu- ntibyaba ari ingaruka z’iyi mihindagurikire y’ibihe ?
Umwanditsi mukuru wa Igitondo.com Jean Pierre Bucyensenge yabajije iki kibazo Alphonse Mutabazi impuguke mu by’imihindagurikire y’ibihe akaba n’umukozi mu kigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kwita ku bidukikije (REMA) ushinzwe imishinga ijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Igitondo.com : Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ni iki ?
Mutabazi Alphonse : Ubundi iyo bavuga ibihe ntabwo ari ibihe byo ku isaha, ni ibihe by’imvura n’izuba. Hari ibihe biba bimenyerewe, noneho hakaba n’ibintu bigenda bihinduka ku buryo budasanzwe. Iyo bigenda bihinduka ku buryo budasanzwe kandi bikagenda bigaruka inshuro nyinshi cyane, icyo gihe nibwo bavuga ko hari imihindagurikire y’igihe. Urugero ni nk’uko ubushyuhe wenda bugenda bwiyongera, imvura wenda ikajya igwa ari nyinshi igatera imyuzure n’inkangu… ibyo byose biba bituruka ku mihindagurikire y’igihe. [Ibi]biterwa n’imyuka [iva mu nganda] ibihugu bikize ahanini byohereza mu kirere [ari na byo] bituma ubushyuhe bwiyongera ku isi, ubushyuhe nabwo bugatuma haba iyo mihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Igitondo.com : Mu rwanda naho haba hari imihindagurikire y’ibihe ?
Mutabazi: U rwanda ruri rufite ibyago byo kwibasirwa n’ingaruka zituruka ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe :Rufite imisozi myinshi cyane, rukagira uturere tugwamo imvura nkeye n’utugwamo imvura nyinshi. Ibi bituma ingaruka ziba zitandukanye, ugasanga mu burasirazuba imvura iratinda kugwa, mu burengerazuba hakagwa imvura nyinshi iteza inkangu n’imyuzure.
Mu Rwanda imihindagurikire y’ibihe irahari kubera ko hari ingero zifatika. Nk’igihe imvura yari isanzwe igwira hari ubwo itinda kugwa cyangwa igatangira kare, cyangwa igacika kare abantu baba bateye imyaka ikuma cyangwa ikagwa umunsi umwe ikaba ingana nk’imvura igwa mu kwezi kose. Icyo gihe iteza ibintu bibi byinshi cyane kuko iyo igwiriye rimwe iteza imyuzure, igasenya amazu, ikangiza n’ibintu bintu cyangwa se hakaba amapfa adasanzwe
Igitondo.com : Umuntu yavuga se ko imyuzure n’inkangu tumaze iminsi tubona mu bice bimwe nka Nyabihu ari ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe ?
Mutabazi: Bigaragara ko hari ahantu imvura igwa umunsi umwe ukabona ingana nk’imvura isanzwe igwa mu kwezi kose kandi bikaba bibaye nka rimwe bitari bisanzwe biba. Iyo tugiye rero mu bice bya za Nyabihu, usanga nyuma ya 1991 hari ukuntu ririya shyamba rya Gishwati ryaragabanutse, abantu bararitema noneho bitewe n’ubutaka bworoshye n’imisozi ihanamye imvura nayo ikiyongera bitera inkangu. Bigaragara ko muri Nyabihu hasigaye hari imvura idasanzwe iteza ibintu bibi ariko ibyo byose bituruka ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe
Igitondo.com : Ni izihe ngamba zihari mu Rwanda zo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Mutabazi : Leta y’u Rwanda imaze gukora sitarateji (Strategy=Ingamba) zo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe no kugabanya imyuka yoherezwa mu kirere «
» [kandi] ikaba yaremejwen n’inama y’abaminisitiri vuba aha ngaha. Ikindi ni uko REMA (ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kwita ku bidukikije) ikora raporo zerekana ingamba zo kugabanya imyuka yoherezwa mu kirere ndetse n’uko twabana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe. Ikindi ni uko REMA imaze kurangiza icyitwa « Guideline on climate change adaptation and mitigation », ni ukuvuga ibintu uturere, imirenge n’abaturage bashobora kugenderaho bashaka gukora ibikorwa byo kwirinda imihindagurikire y’ibihe n’ingaruka zabyo
Igitondo.com : Ni iki umuturage yakora ngo yirinde imihindagurikire y’ibihe n’ingaruka zayo
Mutabazi : Reka dufate urugero rw’umuturage usanzwe utuye ahantu hakunze kuba amapfa. Icyo yakora ni uko kubera ko kuhira [imyaka] wenda bishobora kumugora ariko nk’umwaka yejeje [byinshi] ashobora kubika imyaka [kubera ko ataba azi niba umwaka utaha atazarumbya]. Ashobora nanone kudahinga gusa ahubwo akaba yakorora nk’ihene cyangwa inkoko ntagendere ku buhinzi gusa ; ni ukuvuga agashaka utundi turimo twamuteza imbere ntagendere ku buhinzi gusa.
Umuturage utuye ahantu hakunze kuba inkangu n’imyuzure we agomba kumenya ko inzu ye agomba kuyubaka ahantu hadakunda kumanuka amazi menshi, akamenya ko agomba kubaka inzu ikomeye itapfa gutwarwa n’amazi cyangwa ngo isenywe n’imvura iyo ari yo yose, akubahiriza amabwiriza y’ubuhinzi nko gucukura amaterasi y’indinganire kuko atangira amazi n’ibindi.
Haza kandi biriya byo gukoresha imbaburo za rondereza zigabanya ibicanwa ku buryo wagabanya imyuka ijya mu kirere cyangwa se waba ugiye gukora umushinga wenda ugusaba kugura moteri ukaba wagura iyohereza ibyuka bike mu kirere.
Igitondo.com: Umuntu yavuga ko gutera ibiti n’amashyamba bishobora gufasha mu kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere?
Mutabazi : Ibiti iyo ubiteye ukabireka igihe kirekire cyangwa wabisarura ukabisimbuza ibindi bibika Gaz Carbonique (CO2), icyo gihe uba urimo kugabanya imyuka ijya mu kirere. Ikindi iyo ubiteye ahantu bituma isuri itwara ubutaka itabwangiza, icyo gihe biba ari ingamba zo kubana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe; hashobora no kuba ibyo kuyungurura amazi n’ibindi. Mu gutera ibiti harimo ibyiza byinshi ariko umuntu yakubira mu bice bibiri : icyo guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (mitigation) n’icyo gufata ingamba zituma umuntu abana nazo (adaptation).
Igitondo.com : Ko wumva ibyuka byinshi byangiza ikirere bituruka mu bihugu bikize, isi yo muri rusange ni gute ihanganye n’iki kibazo cyane ko bifite ingaruka ku bayituye bose ? Ese aho ibyo dukora iwacu ntibyaba ari impfabusa ko uruhare rwacu mu kwangiza ikirere ari ruto cyane ?
Mutabazi : Hari amasezerano yitwa UNCFCC (United Nations Convention Framework on Climate Change-Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ku kugabanya imyuka yoherezwa mu kirere), arimo ibihugu byateye imbere n’ibikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere. Ibyo bihugu byose hari inama bihuriramo bikarebera hamwe ingamba bishobora gufata; ibihugu bikize bikareba biti wenda dushobora kugabanya imyuka ijya mu kirere tukayigabanyaho ingano ingana gutya aho bidakunze tugafatanya n’ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere wenda byajya bikora imishinga nabyo bikabikora bigabanya imyuka yoherezwa mu kirere…iyo mishinga iba igamije amajyambere arambye, ituma abantu babona akazi ariko nanone igabanya imyuka ijya mu kirere.
Ibihugu byateye imbere byashyizeho ibigega (funds) ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere bishobora gukoresha; wakora imishinga ukaba ushobora kubona kuri ayo mafaranga. Gusa ikigoranye ni uko akenshi ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere biba bitazi n’uburyo ayo mafaranga bayabonaho kugira ngo bakore imishinga yatuma birinda ingaruka mbi zituruka ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Mu minsi iri imbere hari inama mpuzamahanga izabera I Durban (muri Afurika y’epfo) nkeka ko ari bwo bazafata ingamba zihamye zo kugabanya imyuka ijya mu kirere; icyo gihe ibihugu bikize byazagira izindi ngamba byiyemeza z’ubundi buryo bakoresha [mu kugabanya imyuka yoherezwa mu kirere] ariko uburyo bakoresha ubu ngubu ntabwo bushimishije cyane.
Icyo tugomba kureba mu bihugu byacu ni uburyo twabana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe twibanda cyane ku mishinga yadufasha muri ubwo buryo.
Source:Igitondo.com
By NTEZIMANA Jean Claude
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